1. United States History Before 1877
2. A People And A Nation 10th Edition

A people's history, or history from below,^[1] is a type of historical narrative which attempts to account for historical events from the perspective of common people rather than leaders. There is an emphasis on disenfranchised, the oppressed, the poor, the nonconformists, and otherwise marginal groups. The authors are typically on the left and have a Marxist model in mind, as in the approach of the History Workshop movement in Britain in the 1960s.^[2]

'History from below' and 'people's history'[edit]

Lucien Febvre first used the phrase 'histoire vue d'en bas et non d'en haut' (history seen from below and not from above) in 1932 when praising Albert Mathiez for seeking to tell the 'histoire des masses et non de vedettes' (history of the masses and not of starlets).^[3] It was also used in the title of A. L. Morton's 1938 book, A People's History of England.^[4] Yet it was E. P. Thompson's essay History from Below in The Times Literary Supplement (1966) which brought the phrase to the forefront of historiography from the 1970s.^[5] It was popularized among non-historians by Howard Zinn's 1980 book, A People's History of the United States.

• Of genocide and land theft. Those who seek history with an upbeat ending, a history of redemption and reconciliation, may look around and observe that such a conclusion is not visible, not even in utopian dreams of a better society. Writing US history from an Indigenous peoples' perspective re­ quires rethinking the consensual national narrative.
• Download FileThis book is one of the very good books when it comes to the historical topics. And the book “A People’s History of the United States” is written by an American writer who was very active in the politics at that time.
• Sep 10, 2014  This public document was automatically mirrored from PDFy.Original filename: A People's History of the United States - Zinn, Howard.pdf URL. Skip to main content Search the history of over 380 billion web pages on the Internet.

Zinn also acknowledges that a history of the U.S., told from the perspective of persecuted peoples, can be very pessimistic. However, he wants to give a sense of the “brief flashes” of history during which ordinary people banded together and sometimes emerged victorious. That, in short, is his “approach to the history of the United States.”.

Guy Beiner has pointed out that 'the Neo-Marxist flag-bearers of history from below have at times resorted to idealized and insufficiently sophisticated notions of ‘the people’, unduly ascribing to them innate progressive values'.^[6]

Description[edit]

A people's history is the history as the story of mass movements and of the outsiders. Individuals not included in the past in other type of writing about history are part of history-from-below theory's primary focus, which includes the disenfranchised, the oppressed, the poor, the nonconformists, the subaltern and the otherwise forgotten people. This theory also usually focuses on events occurring in the fullness of time, or when an overwhelming wave of smaller events cause certain developments to occur.

This revisionist approach to writing history is in direct opposition to methods which tend to emphasize single great figures in history, referred to as the Great Man theory; it argues that the driving factor of history is the daily life of ordinary people, their social status and profession. These are the factors that 'push and pull' on opinions and allow for trends to develop, as opposed to great people introducing ideas or initiating events.

In his book A People's History of the United States, Howard Zinn wrote: 'The history of any country, presented as the history of a family, conceals fierce conflicts of interest (sometimes exploding, most often repressed) between conquerors and conquered, masters and slaves, capitalists and workers, dominators and dominated in race and sex. And in such a world of conflict, a world of victims and executioners, it is the job of thinking people, as Albert Camus suggested, not to be on the side of the executioners.'^[7]

See also[edit]

• Canada: A People's History (television documentary series)

References[edit]

1. ^E. P. Thompson, 'History from Below', Times Literary Supplement, 7 April 1966, pp. 279–80.
2. ^Wade Matthews (2013). The New Left, National Identity, and the Break-up of Britain. BRILL. pp. 20–21.
3. ^When the State Trembled 1442660228 Reinhold Kramer, Tom Mitchell - 2010 'It was Lucien Febvre who first used the phrase 'history from below' when in 1932 he observed that Albert Mathiez, a founding member of the Annales tradition, had sought 'histoire des masses et non de vedettes; histoire vue d'en bas en non ..'
4. ^AL Morton Compendium of Communist Biographies, Graham Stevenson, Accessed Feb 2014
5. ^Black and MacRaild Studying History 2007 Page 113 'E. P. Thompson's essay, 'History from below', in the Times Literary Supplement (1966), was the real starting point, not only of the term, but of attempts to define it, to intellectualise about it, and to give it a coherent agenda..'
6. ^Guy Beiner, Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography of a Rebellion in Ulster (Oxford University Press, 2018), pp. 8-9.
7. ^chapter: Columbus, The Indians, and Human Progress

Further reading[edit]

• A People's History of England by A. L. Morton (Victor Gollancz: London, 1938)
• A People's History of the United States by Howard Zinn (London; New York: Longman, 1980)
• An Indigenous People's History of the United States by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz (Washington; Beacon Press, 2014)
• A People's History of the United States (in 8 volumes) by Page Smith (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976–1987)
• A People's History of the Supreme Court by Peter Irons (New York: Viking, 1999)
• A People's History of the World by Chris Harman (London: Bookmarks, 1999)
• A People's History of the Second World War by Donny Gluckstein (Pluto Press, 2012)
• A People's History of World War II by Marc Favreau (New press, 2011)
• The Hundred Years War: A People's History by David green (Yale University Press, 2014)
• A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence by Ray Raphael (New York: New Press, 2001)
• The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History by Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja (London, NY: Zed, 2002)
• A People's History of the Vietnam War by Jonathan Neale (New York: New Press, 2003)
• The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome by Michael Parenti (New York : New Press, 2003)
• A History of the Swedish People, Vol. 1: From Prehistory to the Renaissance by Vilhelm Moberg (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005)
• A History of the Swedish People, Vol. 2: From Renaissance to Revolution by Vilhelm Moberg (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005)
• A People's History of Science: Miners, Midwives, and 'Low Mechaniks' by Clifford D. Conner (New York: Nation, 2005)
• A People's History of the Civil War: Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams (New York: New Press, 2005)
• A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891-1924 by Orlando Figes (Penguin Books, 1998)
• A People's History of the Mexican Revolution by Adolfo Gilly (New York, NY: New Press, 2005)
• A People's History of the French Revolution by Eric Hazan (Verso, 2014)
• A People's History of Christianity: The Other Side of the Story by Dianna Butler Bass (Harper One, 2010)
• Christian Origins: A People's History of Christianity, Vol. 1 by Richard A. Horsley (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005)
• Late Ancient Christianity: A People's History of Christianity, Vol. 2 by Virginia Burrus (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005)
• The English Civil War: A People's History by Diane Purkiss (New York: Basic Books, 2006)
• Reformation Christianity: A People's History of Christianity by Peter Matheson and Denis R. Janz (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2007)
• The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World by Vijay Prashad (New York: New Press: W.W. Norton, 2007)
• A History of the Arab Peoples by Albert Hourani (Warner Books, 1992)
• Hearts and Minds: A People's History of Counterinsurgency by Hannah Gurman (New Press, 2013)
• A People's History of the U.S. Military by Michael A. Bellesiles (New Press, 2013)
• A People’s History of Poverty in America by Stephen Pimpare (New York: New Press ; London : Turnaround, 2008)
• A People's History of Environmentalism in the United States by Chad Montrie (Bloomsbury Academic, 2011)
• For All the People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America by John Curl (PM Press, 2012)
• Collective Courage: A History of African American Cooperative Economic Thought and Practice by Jessica Gordon Nembhard (Penn State university press, 2014)
• A People’s History of Sports in the United States by Dave Zirin (New York; London: New Press, c2008)
• A People’s Art History of the United States by Nicolas Lampert (New press, 2010)
• Downwind: A People's History of the Nuclear West by Sarah Alisabeth Fox (Bison Books, 2014)
• A People's History of London by Lindsey German & John rees (Verso, 2012)
• The Blood Never Dried: A People's History of the British Empire by John Newsinger (London: Bookmarks, 2009)
• A Renegade History of the United States by Thaddeus Russell (New York: Free Press, 2010)
• A People's History of Scotland by Chris Bambery (Verso, 2014)

External links[edit]

• libcom.org/history - Formerly peopleshistory.co.uk, a people's history website

A People's History of the United States is a 1980 non-fiction book by American historian and political scientistHoward Zinn. In the book, Zinn presented what he considered to be a different side of history from the more traditional 'fundamental nationalist glorification of country'.^[1] Zinn portrays a side of American history that can largely be seen as the exploitation and manipulation of the majority by rigged systems that hugely favor a small aggregate of elite rulers from across the orthodox political parties.

A People's History was a runner-up in 1980 for the National Book Award. It frequently has been revised, with the most recent edition covering events through 2005. More than two million copies have been sold.^[2]

In a 1998 interview, Zinn said he had set 'quiet revolution' as his goal for writing A People's History. 'Not a revolution in the classical sense of a seizure of power, but rather from people beginning to take power from within the institutions. In the workplace, the workers would take power to control the conditions of their lives.'^[3] In 2004, Zinn edited a primary sourcecompanion volume with Anthony Arnove, entitled Voices of a People's History of the United States.

A People's History of the United States has been criticized by various historians from across the political spectrum. Detractors assert blatant omissions of important historical episodes, uncritical reliance on biased sources, and systematic failures to examine opposing views.^[4][5][6]

• 1Overview
• 3Other editions and related works

Overview[edit]

In a letter responding to a 2007 critical review of his A Young People's History of the United States (a release of the title for younger readers) in The New York Times Book Review, Zinn wrote:

My history .. describes the inspiring struggle of those who have fought slavery and racism (Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, Fannie Lou Hamer, Bob Moses), of the labor organizers who have led strikes for the rights of working people (Big Bill Haywood, Mother Jones, César Chávez), of the socialists and others who have protested war and militarism (Eugene V. Debs, Helen Keller, the Rev. Daniel Berrigan, Cindy Sheehan). My hero is not Theodore Roosevelt, who loved war and congratulated a general after a massacre of Filipino villagers at the turn of the century, but Mark Twain, who denounced the massacre and satirized imperialism.^[7][8]

I want young people to understand that ours is a beautiful country, but it has been taken over by men who have no respect for human rights or constitutional liberties. Our people are basically decent and caring, and our highest ideals are expressed in the Declaration of Independence, which says that all of us have an equal right to 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.' The history of our country, I point out in my book, is a striving, against corporate robber barons and war makers, to make those ideals a reality — and all of us, of whatever age, can find immense satisfaction in becoming part of that.^[9]

Columbus to independence[edit]

Chapter 1, 'Columbus, the Indians, and Human Progress' covers early Native American civilization in North America and the Bahamas, the genocide and enslavement committed by the crew of Christopher Columbus, and incidents of violent colonization by early settlers. Instead of restating the same history that has been presented for centuries, Zinn states that he prefers to tell history from the perspective of the Arawaks, which many people are not familiar with. He describes the purpose of Columbus' expedition and his brutality towards the natives after his arrival. Not only does he use firsthand account of witnesses to Columbus' presence in the islands, he also provides statistics of native casualties to present this different side of history. Topics include the Arawaks, Bartolomé de las Casas, the Aztecs, Hernán Cortés, Pizarro, Powhatan, the Pequot, the Narragansett, Metacom, King Philip's War, and the Iroquois.

Chapter 2, 'Drawing the Color Line' addresses the African slave trade and servitude of poor British people in the Thirteen Colonies. Zinn writes of the methods by which he says racism was created artificially in order to enforce the economic system. He argues that racism is not natural because there are recorded instances of camaraderie and cooperation between black slaves and white servants in escaping from and in opposing their subjugation.

Chapter 3, 'Persons of Mean and Vile Condition' describes Bacon's Rebellion (1676), the economic conditions of the poor in the colonies, and opposition to their poverty. Zinn uses Nathaniel Bacon's rebellion to assert that 'class lines hardened through the colonial period'.^[10]

Chapter 4, 'Tyranny Is Tyranny' covers the movement for 'leveling' (economic equality) in the colonies and the causes of the American Revolution. Zinn argues that the Founding Fathers agitated for war to distract the people from their own economic problems and to stop popular movements, a strategy that he claims the country's leaders would continue to use in the future.

Chapter 5, 'A Kind of Revolution' covers the war and resistance to participating in war, the effects on the Native American people, and the continued inequalities in the new United States. When the land of veterans of the Revolutionary War was seized for non-payment of taxes, it led to instances of resistance to the government, as in the case of Shays' Rebellion. Zinn notes that 'Charles Beard warned us that governments - including the government of the United States - are not neutral .. they represent the dominant economic interests, and .. their constitutions are intended to serve these interests.'^[11]

Independence to the robber barons[edit]

Chapter 6, 'The Intimately Oppressed' describes resistance to inequalities in the lives of women in the early years of the U.S. Zinn tells the stories of women who resisted the status quo, including Polly Baker, Anne Hutchinson, Mary Dyer, Amelia Bloomer, Catharine Beecher, Emma Willard, Harriot Kezia Hunt, Elizabeth Blackwell, Lucy Stone, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Margaret Fuller, Sarah Grimké, Angelina Grimké, Dorothea Dix, Frances Wright, Lucretia Mott, and Sojourner Truth.

– Howard Zinn,
A People's History of the United States^[12]

Chapter 7, 'As Long As Grass Grows or Water Runs' discusses 19th century conflicts between the U.S. government and Native Americans (such as the Seminole Wars) and Indian removal, especially during the administrations of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren.

Chapter 8, 'We Take Nothing by Conquest, Thank God' describes the Mexican–American War. Zinn writes that President James Polk agitated for war for the purpose of imperialism. Zinn argues that the war was unpopular, but that some newspapers of that era misrepresented the popular sentiment.^[13]

Chapter 9, 'Slavery Without Submission, Emancipation Without Freedom' addresses slave rebellions, the abolition movement, the Civil War, and the effect of these events on African-Americans. Zinn writes that the large-scale violence of the war was used to end slavery instead of the small-scale violence of the rebellions because the latter may have expanded beyond anti-slavery, resulting in a movement against the capitalist system. He writes that the war could limit the freedom granted to African-Americans by allowing the government control over how that freedom was gained.

Chapter 10, 'The Other Civil War', covers the Anti-Rent movement, the Dorr Rebellion, the Flour Riot of 1837, the Molly Maguires, the rise of labor unions, the Lowell girls movement, and other class struggles centered around the various depressions of the 19th century. He describes the abuse of government power by corporations and the efforts by workers to resist those abuses.^[14][15]

Chapter 11, 'Robber Barons and Rebels' covers the rise of industrial corporations such as the railroads and banks and their transformation into the nation's dominant institutions, with corruption resulting in both industry and government. Also covered are the popular movements and individuals that opposed corruption, such as the Knights of Labor, Edward Bellamy, the Socialist Labor Party, the Haymarket martyrs, the Homestead strikers, Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman, Eugene V. Debs, the American Railway Union, the Farmers' Alliance, and the Populist Party.

The 20th Century[edit]

Chapter 12, 'The Empire and the People', covers American imperialism during the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War, as well as in other lands such as Hawaii, Guam, and Puerto Rico. The Teller Amendment is discussed. Zinn portrays the wars as racist and imperialist and opposed by large segments of the American people.

Chapter 13, 'The Socialist Challenge', covers the rise of socialism and anarchism as popular political ideologies in the United States. Covered in the chapter are the American Federation of Labor (which Zinn argues provided too exclusive of a union for non-white, female, and unskilled workers; Zinn argues in Chapter 24 that this changes in the 1990s), Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones, Joe Hill, the Socialist Labor Party, W. E. B. Du Bois, and the Progressive Party (which Zinn portrays as driven by fear of radicalism).

Chapter 14, 'War Is the Health of the State' covers World War I and the anti-war movement that happened during it, which was met with the heavily enforced Espionage Act of 1917. Zinn argues that the United States entered the war in order to expand its foreign markets and economic influence.

Chapter 15, 'Self-Help in Hard Times' covers the government's campaign to destroy the IWW, and the factors leading to the Great Depression. Zinn states that, despite popular belief, the 1920s were not a time of prosperity, and the problems of the Depression were simply the chronic problems of the poor extended to the rest of the society. Also covered is the Communist Party's attempts to help the poor during the Depression.

Chapter 16, 'A People's War?', covers World War II, opposition to it, and the effects of the war on the people. Zinn, a veteran of the war himself, notes that 'it was the most popular war the US ever fought',^[16] but states that this support may have been manufactured through the institutions of American society. He cites various instances of opposition to fighting (in some cases greater than those during World War I) as proof. Zinn also argues that the US's true intention was not fighting against systematic racism, since the US had this itself, such as with the Jim Crow laws (leading to opposition to the war from African-Americans). Another argument made by Zinn is that the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were not necessary, as the U.S. government had already known that the Japanese were considering surrender beforehand. Other subjects from WWII covered include Japanese American internment and the bombing of Dresden. The chapter continues into the Cold War, which Zinn writes was used by the U.S. government to increase control over the American people (for instance, eliminating such radical elements as the Communist Party) and at the same time create a state of permanent war, which allowed for the creation of the military–industrial complex. Zinn believes this was possible because both conservatives and liberals willingly worked together in the name of anti-Communism. Also covered is US involvement in the Greek Civil War, the Korean War, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, and the Marshall Plan.

Chapter 17, ''Or Does It Explode?'' (named after a line from Langston Hughes's poem 'Harlem' from 'Montage of a Dream Deferred', referred to as 'Lenox Avenue Mural' by Zinn), covers the Civil Rights Movement. Zinn argues that the government began making reforms against discrimination (although without making fundamental changes) for the sake of changing its international image, but often did not enforce the laws that it passed. Zinn also argues that while nonviolent tactics may have been required for Southern civil rights activists, militant actions (such as those proposed by Malcolm X) were needed to solve the problems of black ghettos. Also covered is the involvement of the Communist Party in the movement, the Congress of Racial Equality, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the Freedom Riders, COINTELPRO, and the Black Panther Party.

Chapter 18, 'The Impossible Victory: Vietnam', covers the Vietnam War and resistance to it. Zinn argues that America was fighting a war that it could not win, as the Vietnamese people were in favor of the government of Ho Chi Minh and opposed the regime of Ngo Dinh Diem, thus allowing them to keep morale high. Meanwhile, the American military's morale was very low, as many soldiers were put off by the atrocities they were made to take part in, such as the My Lai massacre. Zinn also tries to dispel the popular belief that opposition to the war was mainly among college students and middle-class intellectuals, using statistics from the era to show higher opposition from the working class. Zinn argues that the troops themselves also opposed the war, citing desertions and refusals to go to war, as well as movements such as Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Also covered is the US invasions of Laos and Cambodia, Agent Orange, the Pentagon Papers, Ron Kovic, and raids on draft boards.

Chapter 19, 'Surprises', covers other movements that happened during the 1960s, such as second-wave feminism, the prison reform/prison abolition movement, the Native American rights movement, and the counterculture. People and events from the feminist movement covered include Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique, Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell, Patricia Robinson, the National Domestic Workers Union, National Organization for Women, Roe v. Wade, Susan Brownmiller's Against Our Will, and Our Bodies, Ourselves. People and events from the prison movement covered include George Jackson, the Attica Prison riots, and Jerry Sousa. People and events from the Native American rights movement covered include the National Indian Youth Council, Sid Mills, Akwesasne Notes, Indians of All Tribes, the First Convocation of American Indian Scholars, Frank James, the American Indian Movement, and the Wounded Knee incident. People and events from the counterculture covered include Pete Seeger, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Malvina Reynolds, Jessica Mitford's The American Way of Death, Jonathan Kozol, George Dennison, and Ivan Illich.

Chapter 20, 'The Seventies: Under Control?', covers political corruption and American disillusion with the government during the 1970s. Zinn argues that the resignation of President Richard Nixon and the exposure of crimes committed by the CIA and FBI during the decade were done by the government in order to regain support from the American people without making fundamental changes to the system. According to Zinn, Gerald Ford's presidency continued the same basic policies of the Nixon administration. Other topics covered include protests against the Honeywell Corporation, Angela Davis, Committee to Re-elect the President, the Watergate scandal, International Telephone and Telegraph's involvement in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, the Mayagüez incident, Project MKUltra, the Church Committee, the Pike Committee, the Trilateral Commission's The Governability of Democracies, and the People's Bi-Centennial.

Chapter 21, 'Carter-Reagan-Bush: The Bipartisan Consensus', covers the Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush administrations and their effects on both the American people and foreign countries. Zinn argues that the Democratic and Republican parties keep the government essentially the same, maintaining policies favorable for corporations and militant foreign policy whichever party was in power. Zinn uses similarities among the three administrations' methods to argue for this. Other topics covered include the Fairness Doctrine, the Indonesian invasion of East Timor, Noam Chomsky, global warming, Roy Benavidez, the Trident submarine, the Star Wars program, the Sandinista National Liberation Front, the Iran–Contra affair, the War Powers Act, U.S. invasion of Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War, the Invasion of Grenada, Óscar Romero, the El Mozote massacre, the 1986 Bombing of Libya, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States invasion of Panama, and the Gulf War.

Chapter 22, 'The Unreported Resistance', covers several movements that happened during the Carter-Reagan-Bush years that were ignored by much of the mainstream media. Topics covered include the anti-nuclear movement, the Plowshares Movement, the Council for a Nuclear Weapons Freeze, the Physicians for Social Responsibility, George Kistiakowsky, The Fate of the Earth, Marian Wright Edelman, the Citizens' Clearinghouse for Hazardous Wastes, the Three Mile Island accident, the Winooski 44, Abbie Hoffman, Amy Carter, the Piedmont Peace Project, Anne Braden, César Chávez, the United Farm Workers, the Farm Labor Organizing Committee, Teatro Campesino, LGBT social movements, the Stonewall riots, Food Not Bombs, the anti-war movement during the Gulf War, David Barsamian, opposition to Columbus Day, Indigenous Thought, Rethinking Schools, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

Chapter 23, 'The Coming Revolt of the Guards', covers Zinn's theory on a possible future radical movement against inequality in America. Zinn argues that there will eventually be a movement made up not only of groups previously involved in radical change (such as labor organizers, black radicals, Native Americans, feminists), but also members of the middle class who are starting to become discontented with the state of the nation. Zinn expects this movement to use 'demonstrations, marches, civil disobedience; strikes and boycotts and general strikes; direct action to redistribute wealth, to reconstruct institutions, to revamp relationships'.^[17]

Chapter 24, 'The Clinton Presidency', covers the effects of the Bill Clinton administration on the U.S. and the world. Zinn argues that despite Clinton's claims that he would bring change, his presidency kept many things the same. Topics covered include Jocelyn Elders, the Waco siege, the Oklahoma City bombing, the Crime Bill of 1996, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, the 1993 bombing of Iraq, Operation Gothic Serpent, the Rwandan genocide, the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the North American Free Trade Agreement, the 1998 bombing of Afghanistan and Sudan, the impeachment of Bill Clinton, Barbara Ehrenreich's Nickel and Dimed, Stand for Children, Jesse Jackson, the Million Man March, Mumia Abu-Jamal, John Sweeney, the Service Employees International Union, the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees, the Worker Rights Consortium, the Poor People's Economic Human Rights Campaign, the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Spare Change News, the North American Street Newspaper Association, the National Coalition for the Homeless, anti-globalization, and WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity.

Chapter 25, 'The 2000 Election and the 'War On Terrorism'', covers the 2000 presidential election and the War on Terrorism. Zinn argues that attacks on the U.S. by Arab terrorists (such as the September 11, 2001 attacks) are not caused by a hatred for our freedom (as claimed by President George W. Bush), but by grievances with U.S. foreign policies such as 'stationing of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia .. sanctions against Iraq which .. had resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of children; [and] the continued U.S. support of Israel's occupation of Palestinian land.'^[18] Other topics covered include Ralph Nader, and the War in Afghanistan.

Critical reception[edit]

When A People's History of the United States was published in 1980, future Columbia University historian Eric Foner reviewed it in The New York Times:

Professor Zinn writes with an enthusiasm rarely encountered in the leaden prose of academic history, and his text is studded with telling quotations from labor leaders, war resisters and fugitive slaves. There are vivid descriptions of events that are usually ignored, such as the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and the brutal suppression of the Philippine independence movement at the turn of this century. Professor Zinn's chapter on Vietnam—bringing to life once again the free-fire zones, secret bombings, massacres and cover-ups—should be required reading for a new generation of students now facing conscription.

Blacks, Indians, women, and laborers appear either as rebels or as victims. Less dramatic but more typical lives—people struggling to survive with dignity in difficult circumstances—receive little attention. .. A People's History reflects a deeply pessimistic vision of the American experience.

Foner called for 'an integrated account incorporating Thomas Jefferson and his slaves, Andrew Jackson and the Indians, Woodrow Wilson and the Wobblies.'^[19]

Writing in The New York Times, columnist Bob Herbert wrote:

Mr. Zinn was often taken to task for peeling back the rosy veneer of much of American history to reveal sordid realities that had remained hidden for too long.^[20]

Herbert quotes from Zinn's account of the presidency of Andrew Jackson as an example of what he means.^[20]

Also writing for The New York Times, columnist Michael Powell praised the text's impact on changing the perspective of modern histories:

To describe it as a revisionist account is to risk understatement. A conventional historical account held no allure; he concentrated on what he saw as the genocidal depredations of Christopher Columbus, the blood lust of Theodore Roosevelt and the racial failings of Abraham Lincoln. He also shined an insistent light on the revolutionary struggles of impoverished farmers, feminists, laborers and resisters of slavery and war. Such stories are more often recounted in textbooks today; they were not at the time.^[21]

Writing in Dissent, Georgetown University history professor Michael Kazin argued that Zinn is too focused on class conflict, and wrongly attributes sinister motives to the American political elite. He characterized the book as an overly simplistic narrative of elite villains and oppressed people, with no attempt to understand historical actors in the context of the time in which they lived. Kazin wrote:

The ironic effect of such portraits of rulers is to rob 'the people' of cultural richness and variety, characteristics that might gain the respect and not just the sympathy of contemporary readers. For Zinn, ordinary Americans seem to live only to fight the rich and haughty and, inevitably, to be fooled by them.^[22]

Kazin argued that A People's History fails to explain why the American political-economic model continues to attract millions of minorities, women, workers, and immigrants, or why the socialist and radical political movements Zinn favors have failed to gain widespread support among the American public.

Writing in The Chronicle of Higher Education, Christopher Phelps, associate professor of American studies in the School of American and Canadian Studies at the University of Nottingham wrote:

Professional historians have often viewed Zinn's work with exasperation or condescension, and Zinn was no innocent in the dynamic. I stood against the wall for a Zinn talk at the University of Oregon around the time of the 1992 Columbus Quincentenary. Listening to Zinn, one would have thought historians still considered Samuel Eliot Morison's 1955 book on Columbus to be definitive. The crowd lapped it up, but Zinn knew better. He missed a chance to explain how the social movements of the 1960s and 1970s have transformed the writing and teaching of history, how his People's History did not spring out of thin air but was an effort to synthesize a widely shared shift in historical sensibilities. Zinn's historical theorizing, conflating objectivity with neutrality and position with bias, was no better.

The critics would be churlish, however, not to acknowledge the moving example Zinn set in the civil-rights and Vietnam movements, and they would be remiss not to note the value of A People's History, along with its limitations. Zinn told tales well, stories that, while familiar to historians, often remained unknown to wider publics. He challenged national pieties and encouraged critical reflection about received wisdom. He understood that America's various radicalisms, far from being 'un-American,' have propelled the nation toward more humane and democratic arrangements. And he sold two-million copies of a work of history in a culture that is increasingly unwilling to read and, consequently, unable to imagine its past very well.^[4]

In The New York Times Book Review in a review of A Young People's History Of The United States, volumes 1 and 2, novelist Walter Kirn wrote:

That America is not a better place—that it finds itself almost globally despised, mired in war, self-doubt and random violence—is also a fact, of course, but not one that Zinn's brand of history seems equal to. His stick-figure pageant of capitalist cupidity can account, in its fashion, for terrorism—as when, in the second volume, subtitled 'Class Struggle to the War on Terror,' he notes that Sept. 11 was an assault on 'symbols of American wealth and power'—but it doesn't address the themes of religious zealotry, technological change and cultural confusion that animate what I was taught in high school to label 'current events' but that contemporary students may as well just call 'the weirdness.' The line from Columbus to Columbine, from the first Independence Day to the Internet, and from the Boston Tea Party to Baghdad is a wandering line, not a party line. As for the 'new possibilities' it points to, I can't see them clearly.^[6]

Professors Michael Kazin and Michael Kammen condemn the book as a black-and-white story of elite villains and oppressed victims, a story that robs American history of its depth and intricacy and leaves nothing but an empty text simplified to the level of propaganda.^[22][23]

In 2003, Zinn was awarded the Prix des Amis du Monde Diplomatique for the French version of this book Une histoire populaire des États-Unis.^[24]

Other editions and related works[edit]

A version of the book titled The Twentieth Century contains only chapters 12–25 ('The Empire and the People' to 'The 2000 Election and the 'War on Terrorism''). Although it was originally meant to be an expansion of the original book, recent editions of A People's History now contain all of the later chapters from it.

In 2004, Zinn and Anthony Arnove published a collection of more than 200 primary source documents titled Voices of a People's History of the United States, available both as a book and as a CD of dramatic readings. Writer Aaron Sarver notes that although Kazin 'savaged' Zinn's A People's History of the United States, 'one of the few concessions Kazin made was his approval of Zinn punctuating 'his narrative with hundreds of quotes from slaves and Populists, anonymous wage-earners and .. articulate radicals''.^[25]

Whether Zinn intended it or not, Voices serves as a useful response to Kazin's critique. As Sarver observes, 'Voices is a vast anthology that tells heartbreaking and uplifting stories of American history. Kazin will be hard-pressed to charge Zinn with politicizing the intelligence here; the volume offers only Zinn's sparse introductions to each piece, letting the actors and their words speak for themselves.'^[25]

In 2008, Zinn worked with Mike Konopacki and Paul Buhle on creating A People's History of American Empire, a graphic novel that covers various historic subjects drawn from A People's History of the United States as well as Zinn's own history of his involvement in activism and historic events as covered in his autobiography You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train.

Zinn worked as the editor for a series of books under the A People's History label. This series expands upon the issues and historic events covered in A People's History of the United States by giving them in-depth coverage, and also covers the history of parts of the world outside the United States. These books include:^{[citation needed]}

• A People's History of the Supreme Court by Peter Irons with Foreword by Zinn ^[26]
• A People's History of Sports in the United States by Dave Zirin with an introduction by Howard Zinn
• A People's History of American Empire by Howard Zinn, Mike Konopacki, and Paul Buhle
• The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World by Vijay Prashad
• A People's History of the American Revolution by Ray Raphael
• A People's History of the Civil War by David Williams
• A People's History of the Vietnam War by Jonathan Neale
• The Mexican Revolution: A People's History by Adolfo Gilly

Likewise, other books were inspired by the series:

• A People's History of Australia from 1788 to the Present edited by Verity Burgmann. A four-volume series that looks at Australian history thematically, not chronologically.
• A People's History of Science: Miners, Midwives, and Low Mechanicks by Clifford D Connor.
• A People's History of the World by Chris Harman. It is endorsed by Zinn.
• A People's History of Christianity by Diana Butler Bass.

Younger readers' version[edit]

In July 2007 Seven Stories Press released A Young People's History of the United States, an illustrated, two-volume adaptation of A People's History for young adult readers (ages 10–14). The new version, adapted from the original text by Rebecca Stefoff, is updated through the end of 2006, and includes a new introduction and afterword by Zinn.

In his introduction, Zinn writes, 'It seems to me it is wrong to treat young readers as if they are not mature enough to look at their nation's policies honestly. I am not worried about disillusioning young people by pointing to the flaws in the traditional heroes.' In the afterword, 'Rise like lions', he asks young readers to 'Imagine the American people united for the first time in a movement for fundamental change.'

In addition, the New Press released an updated (2007) version of The Wall Charts for A People's History—a 2-piece fold-out poster featuring an illustrated timeline of U.S. history, with an explanatory booklet.

Lessons for the classroom[edit]

In 2008, the Zinn Education Project was launched to promote and support the use of A People's History of the United States (and other materials) for teaching in middle and high school classrooms across the U.S. The goal of the project is to give American students accurate and complete versions of U.S. history, with full historical complexity.^[27] With funds from an anonymous donor who had been a student of Zinn's, the project began by distributing 4,000 packets to teachers in all states and territories. The project now offers teaching guides and bibliographies that can be freely downloaded.^[28]

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Current editions[edit]

• Zinn, Howard (2005). A People's History of the United States: 1492–present. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. ISBN0-06-083865-5.
• Zinn, Howard (2003). A People's History of the United States: 1492–present (3rd ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN0-06-052842-7.
• Zinn, Howard (1999). A People's History of the United States: 1492–present. HarperCollins. ISBN0-06-019448-0.
• Zinn, Howard (1995). A People's History of the United States: 1492–present (2nd ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN0-06-092643-0.
• Zinn, Howard (1980). A People's History of the United States (1st ed.). Harper & Row. ISBN0-06-014803-9.
• Zinn, Howard (2003). The Twentieth Century. Harper Perennial. ISBN0-06-053034-0
• Zinn, Howard (2005). Arnove, Anthony (ed.). Voices of a People's History of the United States. Seven Stories Press. ISBN1-58322-628-1.
• A Young People's History of the United States, adapted from the original text by Rebecca Stefoff; illustrated, in two volumes; Seven Stories Press, New York, 2007
  • Vol. 1: Columbus to the Spanish–American War. ISBN978-1-58322-759-6
  • Vol. 2: Class Struggle to the War on Terror. ISBN978-1-58322-760-2
• Teaching Editions
  • A People's History of the United States: Teaching Edition
  • A People's History of the United States, Abridged Teaching Edition, Updated Edition
  • A People's History of the United States: Volume 1: American Beginnings to Reconstruction, Teaching Edition
  • A People's History of the United States, Vol. 2: The Civil War to the Present, Teaching Edition
• A People's History of the United States: The Wall Charts; designed by Howard Zinn and George Kirschner; New Press (2007). ISBN978-1-56584-171-0

See also[edit]

• The People Speak, the 2009 film produced and narrated by Howard Zinn and inspired by A People's History of the United States and Voices of a People's History of the United States
• A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror, written as a conservative response to A People's History of the United States
• The Untold History of the United States, a 2012 documentary series directed, produced, and narrated by Oliver Stone
• Page Smith wrote an eight-volume history with the same title, whose first volume appeared in 1976, four years before Zinn's book was published
• We, the People the Drama of America , a Marxist history of the United States by Leo Huberman (1932)

References[edit]

1. ^Howard Powell (27 January 2010). 'Howard Zinn, Historian, Dies at 87'. The New York Times. Mr. Zinn, delighted in .. lancing what he considered platitudes, not the least that American history was a heroic march toward democracy ..'Our nation had gone through an awful lot – the Vietnam War, civil rights, Watergate – yet the textbooks offered the same fundamental nationalist glorification of country,' Mr. Zinn recalled in an interview with The New York Times. 'I got the sense that people were hungry for a different, more honest take.'
2. ^'A People's History of the United States: 1492 - Present'. Zinn Education Project. Retrieved 2019-07-27.
3. ^Catherine Parayre,'The Conscience of the Past: An interview with historian Howard Zinn'. Archived from the original on 2001-05-25. Retrieved 2006-02-15. , Flagpole Magazine Online, 18 February 1998.
4. ^ ^ab'Howard Zinn, Philosopher' By Christopher Phelps. Chronicle of Higher Education February 1, 2010
5. ^Handlin, Oscar (Autumn 1980). 'Arawaks'. The American Scholar. 49 (4): 546, 548, 550. JSTOR41210677.
6. ^ ^ab[1] Novelist Walter Kirn reviews A Young People's History Of The United States, volumes 1 and 2, (Seven Stories Press: 2007)
7. ^'Mark Twain'. 10 October 2006. Archived from the original on October 10, 2006.
8. ^'Comments on the Moro Massacre by Mark Twain (March 12, 1906)'. Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Urban, Labor and Metropolitan Affairs (CULMA), Wayne State University. Archived from the original on December 28, 2005.
9. ^Howard Zinn (2007-07-01). 'Making History'. New York Times. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
10. ^Zinn, Howard. 'A People's History of the United States'. New York: Perennial Classics, 2003. p.47 ISBN0-06-052837-0
11. ^Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United States. New York: Perennial Classics, 2003. p.98 ISBN0-06-052837-0
12. ^A Radical Treasure by Bob Herbet, The New York Times, January 29, 2010
13. ^Zinn, Howard (2003). 'Chapter 8: We take nothing by conquest, Thank God'. A People's History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
14. ^'The great railroad strike, 1877 - Howard Zinn'.
15. ^Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins, 1999. p.245-251 ISBN0-06-052837-0
16. ^Zinn, p. 407
17. ^Zinn, pp. 639–640
18. ^Zinn, p.681
19. ^Foner, Eric, 'Majority Report', New York Times Book Review, March 2, 1980, pp. BR3–BR4.
20. ^ ^abHerbert, Bob (January 30, 2010). 'A Radical Treasure'. The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
21. ^'Howard Zinn, Historian, Dies at 87' by Howard Powell in The New York Times January 30, 2010
22. ^ ^ab'Howard Zinn's History Lessons', by Michael Kazin, Dissent, Spring 2004
23. ^Kammen, Michael (23 March 1980). 'How the Other Half Lived'(PDF). Washington Post Book World. Washington Post. p. 7. Retrieved 10 August 2011.^{[permanent dead link]}
24. ^Prix des Amis du Monde diplomatique 2003 announcement, December 1, 2003.
25. ^ ^abAaron Sarver, The Secret History', In These Times, 16 September 2005
26. ^'Tables of Contents for A People's History of the Supreme Court'.
27. ^Mulcahy, Cara M. (2010). Marginalized Literacies: Critical Literacy in the Language Arts Classroom. IAP. pp. 125–126. ISBN1-60752-454-6.
28. ^'none'. The Social Studies Professional. National Council for the Social Studies (204–208): 19–22. 2008.

United States History Before 1877

External links[edit]

• Webpage for publisher HarperCollins: A People's History of the United States
• The People Speak: Democracy is not a spectator sport produced for the History Channel by Zinn and Matt Damon
• The People Speak, film produced by Howard Zinn and inspired by A People's History of the United States and Voices of a People's History of the United States
• Readings from Voices of a People's History of the United States
• Interview with Zinn on A People's History, Booknotes, March 12, 2000
• Online edition of A People's History of the United States at History Is A Weapon
• A People's History of the United States at Open Library
• Censoring Howard Zinn: Former Indiana Gov. Tried to Remove A People’s History from State Schools. Democracy Now! 22 July 2013

A People And A Nation 10th Edition